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Democrats kept their hold on governors' seats in Virginia and New Jersey in the 2005 election, while California voters gave the cold shoulder to Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger's prized reform package.

The outcome of the nation's only two gubernatorial races in 2005 preserves Democrats' 22 governorships, compared to 28 held by Republicans. The signals sent by voters Nov. 8 aren't strong enough to predict trends for 2006, when 36 states will elect governors.

But in Virginia, a Republican-leaning state, the results did hint that the coattails of its popular outgoing Democratic Gov. Mark Warner were more effective than those of President Bush. The Kaine victory was a boost for Warner's possible presidential aspirations in 2008, and a humbling episode for Bush, who put in a final-hour campaign appearance for the GOP contender.

In a prelude to 2006, California voters rejected all four reforms on Tuesday's ballot championed by Schwarzenegger, whose sagging popularity already is flashing danger signs for his re-election hopes.

In fact, California voters rejected all eight ballot measures in the special election called by Schwarzenegger to try to bypass the Democrat-controlled Legislature. The crown jewel of the governor's agenda — a measure that would have placed limits on state spending — failed by an almost 2-to-1 margin.

Tuesday's voting dealt a further setback to anti-tax and small-government activists with both California's rejection of a spending limit and the decision by Washington state voters to keep a new 9.5-cent-per-gallon increase in gasoline taxes approved by the Democrat-controlled Legislature. Only last week, the activists lost a hard-fought election to try to keep intact Colorado's landmark state spending cap - the toughest in the nation.

Of 39 ballot measures put before voters in seven states, 19 passed. In 2005, there were a record number of measures put on the ballot by citizens — rather than by legislatures — for an off-election year, according to the Initiative & Referendum Institute at the University of Southern California Law School. But the public rejected 16 of the 18 citizen initiatives on the Nov. 8 ballot.

One of the only two citizen-initiated measures to pass was Washington state's new statewide smoking ban. The broadest in the nation, it outlaws smoking in all public building and workplaces, even private clubs, and prohibits lighting up within 25 feet of doors, windows or vents of public buildings. The other citizen initiative to pass also was in Washington; it requires audits of how well state and local governments are managed.

Texas became the 19 ^th state to enshrine a constitutional ban against same-sex marriage in its state Constitution. But Maine rejected efforts to repeal a state law banning discrimination against gays in housing, jobs and schools, reversing course from votes in 1998 and 2000 that had struck down similar laws.

In a battle over the state's purse strings in New York, voters sided with the executive branch in its tug-of-war with the legislative branch. Governors past, present and potential had campaigned against the State Assembly's ballot measure that would have overhauled the budget process and given more authority to the Legislature in a state that chronically fails to pass its budget on time.

New Jersey adopted a measure to create a lieutenant governor's post in 2009, scrapping its unique line of succession that let the Senate president serve as acting governor and legislator at the same time. Forty-two states already have lieutenant governors.

In Pennsylvania, voter wrath over a late-night legislative pay raise unseated one unsuspecting state Supreme Court justice and almost removed another. The justices, who needed voter approval for another 10-year term, got caught up in a backlash against the Legislature, which wasn't up for re-election this year.

Stateline.org Election Guide 2005

Here's a quick state-by-state rundown of the most important election issues.

Click on each state for a complete list of ballot initiatives and additional links.

California

All eight initiatives on the California special election ballot failed, including four reform proposals that Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) put to voters after the Democrat-controlled Legislature failed to act on them. The crown jewel of the governor's reform package would have imposed strong new limits on state spending to head off the state's chronic budget shortfalls. Schwarzenegger faced a barrage of attacks from the state's public employee unions, whose powers would have been limited by two of the ballot proposals.

• Spending cap (62 percent voted no) - would have amended California's Constitution to hold state spending to the previous year's level plus a growth factor
• State employees - Both backed by Schwarzenegger, one (53.5 percent voted no) would have limited state employee unions' use of membership dues for political purposes; the other (55 percent voted no) would have made it harder for teachers to gain tenure.
• Redistricting - (60 percent voted no) would have empowered a panel of three retired judges — rather than the Legislature — to draw state legislative and congressional district maps.
• Prescription drugs - Two competing measures failed. Both would have pushed drug makers to offer discounts for residents who struggle with the costs of prescriptions: One (58.5 percent voted no) was backed by the drug companies and another (61 percent voted no) by consumer groups.

Maine

Voters upheld a gay rights law passed by the Legislature this year that bans discrimination in housing, employment and education based on sexual orientation, according to reports from news sources compiling district-by-district voting results. Mainers narrowly struck down similar laws in 1998 and 2000, but reversed course this year and sustained the new law by a 56 to 44 percent margin. Maine is the last of the six New England states to enact such an anti-discrimination measure. Voters also OK'd four of five state spending proposals and a constitutional amendment to aid Maine's commercial fishing industry in the form of tax breaks.


New Jersey

U.S. Sen. Jon Corzine (D) defeated businessman Doug Forrester (R) 53 percent to 44 percent in a governor's race marked by mudslinging and dominated by concerns over high property taxes and corruption. Corzine succeeds former Gov. Jim McGreevey (D), who resigned last year after admitting to a homosexual affair, leaving in place an acting governor, Senate President Richard Codey (D). To smooth the lines of succession, New Jersey voters also agreed to amend the state Constitution to create the post of lieutenant governor .

All 80 seats in the General Assembly — now controlled 47 to 33 by Democrats --were up for re-election.

• Governor's race - Jon Corzine (D) 53 percent vs. Doug Forrester (R) 44 percent.
• Assembly - 80 seats . The Star-Ledger is reporting Democrats picked up at least one seat to bolster their current 47-33 majority.
• Ballot initiative - Create a lieutenant governor's position. Passed 55.6 percent.
• Ballot initiative - Use state funds to combat air pollution. Passed 55.9 percent.

New York

Voters rejected one ballot measure that would have substantially altered the state's budget process, shifting authority from the governor to the Legislature, and approved another that will finance statewide transportation projects.

• Budget process - Voters rejected the controversial budget proposal-supported by the State Assembly and opposed by Gov. George Pataki and Attorney General Eliot Spitzer -that would have created an Independent Budget Office with members appointed by the Legislature.
• Transportation - Voters approved a bond issue that allows the state to borrow $2.9 billion to purchase and repair subways, trains, buses, highways and bridges throughout the state. A similar bond measure for $3.9 billion was rejected by voters in 2000.

Ohio

Advocates failed to win approval for four electoral reforms a year after charges of voting irregularities in the 2004 presidential election. In a year tainted by scandals in Ohio government, including an investment scheme in a rare coin fund, dubbed "Coingate," and Gov. Bob Taft's (R) guilty pleas for not reporting dozens of free golf outings with lobbyists, backers of the election initiatives tried to cast their reforms as a way to clean up Ohio government. They evoked Taft's name and the specter of "corruption" at the Capitol in their TV ads, but their argument never took hold with voters. All four measures lost by as much as a 2-1 margin.

• Redistricting (70 percent voted no) - would have taken the power to draw legislative and congressional districts away from a panel of five elected officials and put it in the hands of non-politicians
• Absentee ballots (63 percent voted no) - would have let voters cast absentee ballots as early as 35 days before an election without giving a reason
• Campaign finance (67 percent voted no) - would have rescinded higher contribution limits passed by legislators last year
• Elections (70 percent voted no) - would have created a State Board of Elections to oversee voting, taking the duty away from the secretary of state

Pennsylvania

Voter wrath over a late-night legislative pay raise unseated one unsuspecting state Supreme Court justice and almost removed another in a statewide election . With 99 percent of precincts reporting, it appears voters refused to award Justice Russell M. Nigro another 10-year term on the bench. A second judge, Sandra Schultz Newman, barely won. The justices got caught up in voter backlash, led by groups such as PACleanSweep , that is aimed at the Legislature, but there were no legislative races this year. Lawmakers have retreated and are on the verge of repealing the pay raises they approved for the Legislature, state judges and Gov. Ed Rendell (D).


Texas

Texas voters overwhelmingly approved making the state the 19th to write a ban against same-sex marriage into the state Constitution. The amendment, approved by 76 percent of voters, duplicates existing state law banning same-sex marriage and follows similar votes in Kansas last April and 13 states in 2004. Voters rejected two of eight other amendments placed on the ballot by the Legislature.

Virginia

Lt. Gov. Tim Kaine (D) defeated former Attorney General Jerry Kilgore (R) in the governor's race to succeed popular Democratic Gov. Mark Warner, who was barred by state law from serving another term. The campaign turned on a variety of issues: last year's tax increase, traffic congestion and the death penalty. Republican state Sen. Bill Bolling edged out former Democratic congresswoman Leslie Byrne to be the state's next lieutenant governor. The race for attorney general remains too close to call, with Republican Bob McDonnell just ahead of Democrat Creigh Deeds, by a 50 to 49.9 margin, according to the State Board of Elections. Republicans lost two seats in the House of Delegates but still will control with a 58-39 edge over Democrats.

• Governor - Tim Kaine (D) 51 percent, Jerry Kilgore (R) 46 percent, and Russ Potts (I) 2 percent
• Lieutenant governor - Bill Bolling (R) 50.7 percent vs. Leslie Byrne (D) 49.2 percent
• Attorney general - (Too close to call) Bob McDonnell (R) 50 percent vs. Creigh Deeds (D) 49.9 percent
• House of Delegates - GOP lost two seats, to retain control with 58; Democrats gained one seat, for a total of 39; independents went from two to three seats. State Republican Party vs State Democratic Party
• Virginia State Board of Elections — Unofficial Results

Washington

By 63 percent to 37 percent, Washington state voters adopted the nation's broadest statewide smoking ban, outlawing smoking in all public building and workplaces, even private clubs, and prohibiting smoking within 25 feet of the doors, windows or vents of public buildings. Voters also — by 53 percent to 47 percent — refused to throw out a 9.5-cent-per-gallon increase in the state's gasoline tax approved by the Legislature this year with the backing of Gov. Christine Gregoire (D).

• Gas tax repeal (53 percent voted no) - would have reversed the Legislature's 9.5 cent gas-tax increase
• Medical malpractice - One measure (59 percent voted no) would have set up a state insurance fund for the most expensive cases and revoked doctors' licenses if they lost three malpractice claims in one decade; the other (54 percent voted against) would have limited lawyers' fees and pain and suffering awards for malpractice cases
• Smoking ban (63 percent approved) - will outlaw smoking in all public buildings and workplaces, with no exceptions for private clubs.