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School readiness: This figure assumes a rigorous definition of school readiness. The same analysis also calculated a figure of 35 percent using a less strict definition.  See: Hair, E., Halle, T., Terry-Humen, E., Lavelle, B., & Calkins, J. (2006). “Children’s School Readiness in the ECLS-K: Predictions to Academic, Health, and Social Outcomes in First Grade.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21, 431–454.

How home visiting makes a difference documented in: Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). “Home Visiting by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.” Pediatrics, 110(3), 486-496; Caldera, D., Burrell, L., Rodriguez, K., Crowne, S. S., Rohde, C., & Duggan, A. (2007). “Impact of a Statewide Home Visiting Program on Parenting and on Child Health and Development.” Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(8), 829–852; and Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). “Effects of Nurse Home Visiting on Maternal and Child Functioning: Age-9 Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial.” Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845.

High school graduation rates: Levenstein, P., Levenstein, S., Shiminski, J. A., & Stolzberg, J. E. (1998). “Long-Term Impact of a Verbal Interaction Program for At-Risk Toddlers: An Exploratory Study of High School Outcomes in a Replication of the Mother-Child Home Program.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19(2), 267–286.